Every year, around 600,000 women give birth in England. For many, the journey to parenthood is filled with anticipation and joy but for a significant number, it is also marked by emotional challenges when caring for a new baby.

Up to one in five women will experience perinatal mental health issues, and for those navigating infertility, pregnancy loss, or complex fertility treatment, the psychological impact can begin long before a baby arrives.

At The IVFN, we know that the road to parenthood isn’t always straightforward and believe that mental health is just as important as physical health. It deserves to be spoken about openly, supported proactively and treated with the same urgency as any other healthcare concern.

Moreover, support must span the entire reproductive journey – from trying to conceive through pregnancy and beyond.

Introduction to Maternal Mental Health

Maternal mental health refers to the emotional and psychological well-being of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.

It is a critical aspect of overall health, as mental health problems can affect not only the mother but also her baby and the entire family. Postnatal depression, also known as postpartum depression, is a common mental health issue that affects many new mothers.

According to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, symptoms of postnatal depression can include feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and anxiety. Recognising and addressing these symptoms early is essential for the well-being of both mother and child.

What is Maternal Mental Health?

Maternal mental health refers to the emotional and psychological wellbeing of women throughout pregnancy and during the postnatal period. Conditions can range from mild anxiety or depression to more severe mood disorders such as postpartum psychosis or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These experiences don’t always look the same, and they don’t discriminate – they can affect anyone, regardless of background, age or fertility journey.

While we don’t really like the term ‘baby blues’, it is often used to describe the way most women feel after giving birth; some tearfulness and low mood for a few days. In reality, this can last weeks or appear sporadically following birth.

Types of Maternal Mental Health Issues

Maternal mental health issues can manifest in various forms, each with its own set of challenges. Postpartum depression is a type of depression that occurs after giving birth, characterised by symptoms such as a depressed mood, loss of interest in activities, and changes in appetite or sleep.

This condition can make it difficult for new mothers to bond with their babies and enjoy motherhood. Postpartum anxiety, another common issue, involves excessive worry, fear, or anxiety that can interfere with daily life.

In rare cases, some women may experience postpartum psychosis, a severe mental health condition marked by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganised thinking. Each of these conditions requires appropriate treatment and support to ensure the health and well-being of the mother and her family.

What is postnatal depression?

If problems persist you may be suffering from postnatal depression, which can range from mild depression to more severe forms. Around 20,000 women develop postnatal depression each year and the condition is often linked to traumatic birth experiences and insufficient support during or after delivery.

Symptoms are different for every mum but may include:

  • feeling sad and tearful.
  • feeling anxious or afraid to be on your own with your baby.
  • being preoccupied with worrying thoughts.
  • having difficulty adjusting to parenthood or in bonding with your baby.
  • experiencing difficulties with your partner since having a baby.
  • feeling stressed and unmotivated.
  • feeling tired and overwhelmed.
  • having difficulties getting over your birth experience.

A very small number of mothers experience a rare but more severe mental illness called puerperal or postpartum psychosis. You can find more information about symptoms and where to get help on the NHS website and with Action on Postpartum Psychosis.

Signs your mental health is suffering during fertility treatment

Acknowledging that you are struggling and that you need help is the first step. Certain risk factors, such as a history of mental health issues or recent stressful life events, can increase the likelihood of experiencing anxiety and depression during fertility treatment. Feelings of anxiety and depression, mood swings, psychological distress, struggling to sleep, inability to focus and stress are signs that your mental health may be suffering due to your fertility diagnosis.

It is important to take care of your emotional wellbeing through your fertility journey because psychological symptoms may have a negative impact on fertility. You can find out more about how in our blog How Does Stress Affect Fertility?

The importance of awareness – you’re not alone

Mental health struggles during the perinatal period are common and the statistics speak volumes. NHS data shows that one in five women will experience mental health problems during pregnancy or in the year following birth.

Reaching out to a family member, friend, or healthcare professional can provide crucial support for those experiencing postnatal depression. In 2023 to 2024 alone, more than 62,000 women accessed community perinatal mental health services in England, which is a sign of progress, but also a reflection of how widespread these issues are.

For those facing infertility, the burden can be equally significant. Research has found that 90% of people struggling to conceive reported feelings of depression, and 42% had experienced suicidal thoughts.

These figures highlight that support cannot begin only at pregnancy, it must be an integral part of fertility care.

Stigma and Awareness

Despite its prevalence, postnatal depression remains a stigmatised condition, with many women feeling ashamed or embarrassed to seek help. However, it is essential to raise awareness about postnatal depression and encourage women to seek help if they are experiencing symptoms. Health visitors and child health nurses, play a critical role in identifying and supporting women with postnatal depression. By fostering an environment of understanding and support, we can help reduce the stigma and ensure that more women receive the care they need.

What can be done?

Campaigns like Maternal Mental Health Awareness Week (5th to 11th May 2025), led by the Perinatal Mental Health Partnership UK, aim to shine a light on these issues. Postnatal depression can also affect fathers and partners, although it is less prevalent, and support is needed for all parents. Themes such as, “Your voice, your strength,” remind us how crucial it is that women feel seen, heard and supported when navigating maternal mental health challenges.

Globally, World Maternal Mental Health Day on 3rd May adds to this momentum, encouraging a broader conversation around the psychological impacts of pregnancy and early motherhood.

Yet, despite these efforts, access and experience remain inconsistent. A 2024 survey revealed that over a third of pregnant women did not always receive the help they needed from maternity staff, and almost half reported inadequate postnatal support while in hospital.

For those undergoing fertility treatment, access to counselling and emotional support is also inconsistent. While some clinics offer mental health services, others require patients to seek private support. Many report feeling emotionally unprepared for the rollercoaster of IVF, and even after a successful cycle, may continue to struggle with anxiety or fear of loss.

These gaps highlight a need for a more joined-up, inclusive approach to reproductive and maternal mental health care—one that recognises the unique emotional challenges of those who do not conceive easily.

Who’s Most at Risk?

The burden of maternal mental health issues is not shared equally and it’s essential to acknowledge disparities. Certain factors, such as a family history of mental health conditions or recent stressful life events, can contribute to an increased risk of developing postnatal depression.

Racial disparities in maternal mental health

Black women in the UK are more than twice as likely to be hospitalised for perinatal mental illness compared to white women — highlighting deep-rooted systemic issues that require urgent, sustained attention. Postnatal depression can have significant effects beyond the mother, impacting the emotional and psychological well-being of family members, including fathers, the baby, and older siblings.

Similarly, the emotional needs of those from minoritised or marginalised communities experiencing infertility are often overlooked. Cultural stigma, language barriers, and lack of representation in services can all contribute to feelings of isolation and distress.

Cultural and societal factors

Cultural and societal factors can also contribute to the development of postnatal depression. For example, women from minority ethnic groups may be more likely to experience postnatal depression due to cultural and language barriers.

Additionally, societal expectations around motherhood and the pressure to be a “perfect” mother can also contribute to feelings of guilt, shame, and anxiety. It is essential to consider these factors when providing support and treatment for postnatal depression.

Recent stressful life events, such as domestic violence or trauma, can also trigger depression in new parents. Furthermore, a family history of mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorder, can increase the risk of developing postnatal depression. Understanding these contributing factors can help tailor support and interventions to meet the unique needs of each mother.

Treatments for mental health issues and postnatal depression 

Postnatal depression can be lonely, distressing and frightening, but support and effective treatments are available, such as: Psychological treatments, such as talking therapies, are effective in managing postnatal depression and helping individuals cope with their symptoms.

Self-help

Things you can try yourself include talking to your family and friends about your feelings and what they can do to help. Frequent crying spells can be a common symptom of postnatal depression, and discussing these feelings with loved ones can be helpful. Making time for yourself to do things you enjoy, resting whenever you get the chance, getting as much sleep as you can at night, exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet.

Talking therapy

A GP may be able to recommend a self-help course or refer you for a course of therapy, such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Interpersonal therapy (IPT) is another effective form of therapy that focuses on resolving relational problems with family, friends, or partners.

Antidepressants

These may be recommended if your depression is more severe or other treatments have not helped; your doctor can prescribe a medicine that’s safe to take while breastfeeding. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a specific type of antidepressant medication that is effective in treating postnatal depression, particularly for breastfeeding mothers. The most common type of antidepressant have shown not to negatively affect IVF outcomes.

Taking the next step: Where to find support

For those seeking help, there are excellent organisations and resources available:

  • NHS Perinatal Mental Health Services: Offers access to local mental health teams, including specialist services.
  • Maternal Mental Health Alliance: A leading UK charity advocating for better support and providing accessible information for families and professionals.
  • The IVFN: We regularly host discussions with leading voices in the fields of fertility and maternal mental health, as well as women and men with lived experiences who understand the emotional landscape of fertility and motherhood.

With proper support and treatment, individuals suffering from postnatal depression can achieve a full recovery and regain their well-being.

Maternal mental health is complex, layered and deeply personal. It doesn’t start at the delivery room door, and it doesn’t end once a baby arrives. From infertility to postpartum recovery, every stage of the parenting journey brings emotional challenges that deserve understanding, compassion, and care.

Whether you’re preparing for parenthood, supporting someone who is or reflecting on your own journey, know that support exists—and your mental health matters.

At The IVFN, we’re committed to keeping these conversations going—because no one should feel alone in their struggle, and every story deserves to be heard.